Almost daily we find examples of American society conforming to old school ideology rather than logical progression. Once it came to light that athletes in professional sports were taking performance enhancing drugs to set

The Hypothalamic Pituitary Testicular Axis (HPTA) refers to the ability of brain and hypothalamus (master gland) in particular, to interact with hypophysis, the gland located within the sella turcica bone of the sphenoid bone,

On November 4th, 2015, reports began populating major underground anabolic steroid forums that arguably the largest US Domestic AAS supplier, Domestic X, was closed. Only weeks after the DEA's Operation Cyber Juice, this information

Androgenic anabolic steroids (ΑΑS) may become toxic to renal metabolism, through the process of glomerular filtration in the kidneys. The first part of AAS metabolism takes place in the hepatic parenchyma (liver), but later

Part 1: Modern Origins It's too easy to forget one's roots. But taking an occasional look backwards and appreciating where we came from often leads to new-found appreciation and understanding, not only of where

At no point during his illustrious 19 year career was Floyd Mayweather the subject of as many headlines as he was this past year. We can attribute much of the attention to his “Fight

Hepatic parenchyma is the part of the liver that filters toxins from the blood. It is a biochemical laboratory, essentially, where several different processes are taking place: Bile production, responsible for fatty acids digestion

The combination of physical exercise in the form of resistance training-bodybuilding, along with chemical enhancement with Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED’s), will eventually lead to hemodynamic changes to myocardium. These include the Ejection Fraction &

As we age, we all eventually face an associated decline in muscle mass and strength. This medical term for this natural progression is sarcopenia. While estimates vary, the median loss of muscle mass in the old